The general level of rainstorm flood is usually difficult to cause disaster or form a slight disaster, communication is smooth, information is continuous.Rainwater monitoring stations usually use 2G/4G mobile communication to transmit rainwater information, and the flood control standard of mobile base stations is usually once in 50 years. In bad weather conditions, mobile base stations are prone to paralysis, resulting in large-scale communication interruption.

Urban Hydrology examines specific aspects of water cycles in urban and industrial settings. This encompasses all forms of water flow including precipitation, stormwater runoff, groundwater inflows, rivers and lakes as well as infrastructure related to supply and sanitation of drinking water supplies.

Dam and reservoir safety monitoring is critical to prevent catastrophic failures and ensure long-term operational stability. Modern systems integrate IoT sensors, real-time data analytics, and predictive modeling to detect early signs of structural degradation or environmental risks. Key monitoring parameters include seepage flow rates, deformation (via inclinometers and strain gauges), pore pressure, and seismic activity. For instance, China’s Three Gorges Dam employs a network of GNSS receivers and fiber-optic sensors to track millimeter-level displacements, while automated piezometers monitor groundwater pressure to mitigate piping risks. Advanced platforms like India’s Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) centralize data from 250+ dams, using AI algorithms to predict stress points and prioritize maintenance.

Modern agriculture increasingly relies on smart irrigation systems to address water scarcity and enhance crop productivity. Traditional flood irrigation, which wastes up to 50% of water through evaporation and runoff, is being replaced by IoT-driven solutions. Smart irrigation integrates soil moisture sensors, weather stations, and automated drip systems to deliver water precisely when and where crops need it.